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The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computer has invaded our life.
The origins and roots of computers started out as many other inventions and technologies have in the past. They evolved from a relatively simple idea or plan designed to help perform functions easier and quicker. The first basic type of computers were designed to do just that; compute!. They performed basic math functions such as multiplication and division and displayed the results in a variety of methods. Some computers displayed results in a binary representation of electronic lamps. Binary denotes using only ones and zeros thus, lit lamps represented ones and unlit lamps represented zeros. The irony of this is that people needed to perform another mathematical function to translate binary to decimal to make it readable to the user.
One of the first computers was called ENIAC. It was a huge, monstrous size nearly that of a standard railroad car. It contained electronic tubes, heavy gauge wiring, angle-iron, and knife switches just to name a few of the components. It has become difficult to believe that computers have evolved into suitcase sized micro-computers of the 1990’s.
Computers eventually evolved into less archaic looking devices near the end of the 1960’s. Their size had been reduced to that of a small automobile and they were processing segments of information at faster rates than older models. Most computers at this time were termed “mainframes” due to the fact that many computers were linked together to perform a given function. The primary user of these types of computers were military agencies and large corporations such as Bell, AT&T, General Electric, and Boeing. Organizations such as these had the funds to afford such technologies. However, operation of these computers required extensive intelligence and manpower resources. The average person could not have fathomed trying to operate and use these million dollar processors.
The United States was attributed the title of pioneering the computer. It was not until the early 1970’s that nations such as Japan and the United Kingdom started utilizing technology of their own for the development of the computer. This resulted in newer components and smaller sized computers. The use and operation of computers had developed into a form that people of average intelligence could handle and manipulate without to much ado. When the economies of other nations started to compete with the United States, the computer industry expanded at a great rate. Prices dropped dramatically and computers became more affordable to the average household.
Like the invention of the wheel, the computer is here to stay.The operation and use of computers in our present era of the 1990’s has become so easy and simple that perhaps we may have taken too much for granted. Almost everything of use in society requires some form of training or education. Many people say that the predecessor to the computer was the typewriter. The typewriter definitely required training and experience in order to operate it at a usable and efficient level. Children are being taught basic computer skills in the classroom in order to prepare them for the future evolution of the computer age.
The history of computers started out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for navigation.
Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers entered with dials and was made to help his father, a tax collector. In 1671, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented a computer that was built in 1694. It could add, and, after changing some things around, multiply. Leibnitz invented a special stopped gear mechanism for introducing the addend digits, and this is still being used.
The prototypes made by Pascal and Leibnitz were not used in many places, and considered weird until a little more than a century later, when Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A. Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. A lot of improved desktop calculators by many inventors followed, so that by about 1890, the range of improvements included: Accumulation of partial results, storage and automatic reentry of past results (A memory function), and printing of the results. Each of these required manual installation. These improvements were mainly made for commercial users, and not for the needs of science.
While Thomas of Colmar was developing the desktop calculator, a series of very interesting developments in computers was started in Cambridge, England, by Charles Babbage (of which the computer store “Babbages” is named), a mathematics professor. In 1812, Babbage realized that many long calculations, especially those needed to make mathematical tables, were really a series of predictable actions that were constantly repeated. From this he suspected that it should be possible to do these automatically. He began to design an automatic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a difference engine. By 1822, he had a working model to demonstrate. Financial help from the British Government was attained and Babbage started fabrication of a difference engine in 1823. It was intended to be steam powered and fully automatic, including the printing of the resulting tables, and commanded by a fixed instruction program.
The difference engine, although having limited adaptability and applicability, was really a great advance. Babbage continued to work on it for the next 10 years, but in 1833 he lost interest because he thought he had a better idea; the construction of what would now be called a general purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. Babbage called this idea an Analytical Engine. The ideas of this design showed a lot of foresight, although this couldn’t be appreciated until a full century later.
The plans for this engine required an identical decimal computer operating on numbers of 50 decimal digits (or words) and having a storage capacity (memory) of 1,000 such digits. The built-in operations were supposed to include everything that a modern general - purpose computer would need, even the all important Conditional Control Transfer Capability that would allow commands to be executed in any order, not just the order in which they were programmed.
As people can see, it took quite a large amount of intelligence and fortitude to come to the 1990’s style and use of computers. People have assumed that computers are a natural development in society and take them for granted. Just as people have learned to drive an automobile, it also takes skill and learning to utilize a computer.
Computers in society have become difficult to understand. Exactly what they consisted of and what actions they performed were highly dependent upon the type of computer. To say a person had a typical computer doesn’t necessarily narrow down just what the capabilities of that computer was. Computer styles and types covered so many different functions and actions, that it was difficult to name them all. The original computers of the 1940’s were easy to define their purpose when they were first invented. They primarily performed mathematical functions many times faster than any person could have calculated. However, the evolution of the computer had created many styles and types that were greatly dependent on a well defined purpose.
The computers of the 1990’s roughly fell into three groups consisting of mainframes, networking units, and personal computers. Mainframe computers were extremely large sized modules and had the capabilities of processing and storing massive amounts of data in the form of numbers and words. Mainframes were the first types of computers developed in the 1940’s. Users of these types of computers ranged from banking firms, large corporations and government agencies. They usually were very expensive in cost but designed to last at least five to ten years. They also required well educated and experienced manpower to be operated and maintained. Larry Wulforst, in his book Breakthrough to the Computer Age, describes the old mainframes of the 1940’s compared to those of the 1990’s by speculating, “…the contrast to the sound of the sputtering motor powering the first flights of the Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk and the roar of the mighty engines on a Cape Canaveral launching pad”. End of part one.
Works Cited
Wulforst, Harry. Breakthrough to the Computer Age. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1982.
Palferman, Jon and Doron Swade. The Dream Machine. London: BBC Books, 1991.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin and William Aspray. Computer, A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
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The trade of FOREX is all about trading the foreign currency, stocks, and the similar type of products. The currency of a country is weighed against the currency of another country to determine the value. The value of this foreign currency is taken into account while trading of stocks on the markets of FOREX. The majority of the countries have the control of the value of that value of country, implying the currency, or the money. Those which are often implied on the markets of FOREX include banks, large companies, governments, and financial institutions.
What returns the market of FOREX different from the stock market?
A trade of the market of forex is one which implies at least two countries, and it can take place in the whole world. The two countries are one, with the investor, and two, the country the money is invested inside. The majority of all the transactions taking place on the market of FOREX will take place by a broker, such as a bank.
What composes really the markets of FOREX?
The market of foreign currencies is composed of a series of transactions and counties. Those implied on the market of FOREX trade in great volumes, great numbers of money. Those which are implied on the market of FOREX are generally implied in operations the cash, or the trade of the credit very available which you can be sold and buy quickly. The market is large, very large. You could regard as being the market of FOREX much larger than the stockmarket in any country in general. Those implied on the market of FOREX trade the newspaper during twenty-four hours per day and sometimes the trade is accomplished the weekend, but not all weekends.
You could be astonished people who are implied in the trade of FOREX. In years 2004, almost two trillion of dollars were a volume of daily exchange of average. It is a big number for the number of daily transactions to take place. Think how much trillion dollars really costs and then times which by two and it is the money which changes hands day labourers!
The market of FOREX is not something new, but was employed during more than thirty years. With the introduction of the computers, and then the Internet, the trade on the market of continuous FOREX to develop like more and more people and the companies realize of the same of the availability of this commercial market. The FOREX explains only approximately ten percent of the total trading from one country to another, but while popularity on this market continues to develop thus this number could.
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The coterie of the new rich swear by the efficiency, benefits and sheer pleasure of money coming in from various sources without them having to do any work, whatsoever. Imagine how it might look like when you dip your toes on waters alongside tropical beaches of Bali or Goa and your money just seems to be hitting the bank in time for you to withdraw. Investing in stock markets and other financial instruments can help you achieve this level of financial freedom and here’s how you can do just that:
Pick Value stocks and have someone else do the thinking
Forget what you know about trading on the stock market. Pick up a book called “The Intelligent Investor” by
Benjamin Graham or read up on value investing from somewhere and then take the help of a well-intentioned and experienced broker to pick some long-term, value stocks. Have this broker invest your money in these stocks and for a long time to come. You do this now; so that you can reap the capital appreciate later, when you want to hit the arm chair. Now, when enough time passes by, have someone to do the thinking and strategically buy and sell the stocks for a tidy profit. The resultant cash can be held in a parallel, liquid financial vehicle on a recurring basis for your access.
ETFs and Mutual Funds: Invest and forget it
If you don’t want to do anything with stock picking yourself and don’t want to trust any individual broker for your stock picking, another great option would be to pick on an ETF (Exchange Traded Fund” or a mutual fund and go by a system of regular automated payments called Dollar-cost Averaging (which reduces your cost of holding this investment over time). These instruments have been designed for the average Joe and you could just invest regularly into a selection of funds and forget about it for a while. When appropriate time comes, you can arrange to take the cash out systematically or re-route them to another liquid vehicle to facilitate easy withdrawals.
Have your real estate investments work for you
This is by far the easiest way to build residual income from. Instead of purchasing homes, if you could pick up commercial property in prime areas and give them away for long-term lease, you literally have money continuously roiling in from this source alone. Real estate makes a lot of sense for hands-free, residual money for a long time to come. However, entering the market might call for dedication, commitment and hard work which can be mastered given the right drive and ambition.
Bonds: Allow them to earn for you
If you are really past the age where you can jump into risks outright, but you did pile some cash reserves by now, it is then time to look at options which handle cash with much less risk and then pay you cash on a recurring basis each month. Bonds make an excellent choice for this kind of a strategy. When you have earned enough, shift your funds into a debt fund or some sort and have a “monthly payout option” enabled which then routes your money straight into your bank account. The debt funds wouldn’t give you swashbuckling returns but they do give you the security you need and the residual income that can make your life easier.
Unleash the Power of compounding
The power of compounding can single-handedly make you more wealth than you ever thought possible. If you start early enough on a mission to ensure that you retire with residual income streams working in your favor, the sheer power of compounding is enough to get your life by. If you had to just save a small sum of money - assume 100 USD - each month (1200 USD annually) starting at the age of say, 24 - you would be left with $ 65, 300 by the time you are 45. And it was only 100 $ that you were stashing away. What can you do with 3000 USD each month?
http://www.finance-maker.com/build-residual-income-from-investing/
Investments includes how to value stocks, bonds, and other financial securities; the theory and practice of portfolio management; and the functioning of the securities markets.
Financial institutions examines the role of financial intermediaries, especially commercial banks, in the financial system and the principal managerial issues facing such institutions. Investment in companies may be in shares or by direct investment (private equity).
Islamic scholars have made some concessions on permissible companies, as most use debt either to address liquidity shortages (they borrow) or to invest excess cash (interest-bearing instruments).
Financiers are rightly rewarded for taking risks, which by their nature cannot be entirely managed away or anticipated. The tendency for success to breed complacency and recklessness is as ingrained in financial markets as it is in any other walk of life.
Financial mathematics is the study of financial data with the tools of mathematics , mainly statistics . Such data can be movements of securities?stocks and bonds etc.?and their relations.
Students will learn how to establish appropriate investment objectives, develop optimal portfolio strategies, estimate risk-return tradeoffs, and evaluate investment performance. Many of the latest quantitative approaches are discussed.
Students interested in financial careers receive an excellent professional financial education through the College of Business? Finance Program. You will find highly qualified faculty members, well defined jobs in the field, and other resources, which properly used will lead to excellent career prospects.
Students are also required by the Mathematical Sciences Department to pass a Qualifying Examination, covering major and minor topics, to certify the students’ preparedness to begin research. The minor topic may be numerical analysis, statistics, or finance/economics. Students majoring in business need only three additional economics courses to get a minor in economics.
Finance is about ideas. And one of the nice things about finance is that the same ideas come back again and again - but dressed up in different disguises. Finance is a specialty that deals with the allocation of resources on the corporate, institutional and personal levels.
Money is the life blood of the economic system and the flow of money through corporations, capital markets, and financial institutions are integral to how that life blood gets pumped through the system, how it nourishes the health of the system, and how the economy sustains and perpetuates the standard of living that we enjoy. Finance is fast, easy, and free. You can create and maintain as many portfolios as you like with a single Yahoo!
Finance is responsible annually for the audit, budget, capital improvement program and the long range financial plan for the City. Finance also directs the issuance of municipal debt and industrial revenue bonds.
Accountants and finance specialists are essential to a firm’s growth and development. If you are interested in a career in this field, you are fortunate to be able to make use of the many career opportunities which abound worldwide in this growing area.
Accounting and Control, Business Studies, Economics) or Master’s programmes at other universities can also be included in your curriculum after approval of the Master’s in Quantitative Finance programme committee. You can thus create your own future career profile.
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Treasury Bills, Commercial Paper, Corporate Bonds, Certificate of Deposits and Repurchase Agreements. Collectively are referred to as Money Market Instruments.
Money market instruments are short term debt obligations generally regarded as low risk, low to medium return investment for the holder. They are essentially IOUs issued by governments, financial institutions and large corporations. These instruments are very liquid and considered extraordinarily safe. Because they are extremely conservative, money market securities offer significantly lower risks than most other securities. They have maturities ranging from one day to one year.
Treasury bills
Treasury bills are issued by the Central banks such as the Bank of England or government treasury departments. The Treasury sells bills at regularly scheduled auctions to refinance government projects and obligations. It also helps to finance current government deficits.
Commercial Paper
Commercial Paper is short-term loan that is issued by a corporation use for financing accounts receivable and inventories. Commercial Papers have higher denominations as compared to the Treasury Bills and the Certificate of Deposit. The maturity period of Commercial Papers is a maximum of 9 months. They are very safe since the financial situation of the corporation can be anticipated over a few months.
Corporate Bonds
A corporate bond is an IOU issued by a public company, such as BT, ICI or Marks & Spencer. When you invest in a corporate bond, you are lending money to the company. In return you will receive interest at a fixed rate and the promise that your capital will be repaid at a certain date in the future.
Certificate of Deposit
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a time deposit with a bank. CDs are generally issued by commercial banks but they can be bought through brokerages. They bear a specific maturity date (from three months to five years), a specified interest rate, and can be issued in any denomination, much like bonds. CDs offer a slightly higher yield than Treasury Bills because of the slightly higher risk for a bank but, overall, the likelihood that a large bank will go broke is pretty slim. (Northern Rock Plc being the exception of course).
Repurchase Agreements
The Repo or the repurchase agreement is used by the government security holder when he sells the security to a lender and promises to repurchase from him overnight. Hence the Repos have terms raging from 1 night to 30 days. They are very safe due to government backing. Due to this short turnaround time, these agreements are the most liquid of all money market investments, they are very similar to bank deposit accounts, and many corporations arrange for their banks to transfer excess cash to such funds automatically.
Its is however important to note that Although securities purchased on the money market carry less risk than long-term debt, they are still not entirely risk free. After all, as we all know banks do sometimes fail, and the fortunes of companies can change rather rapidly. But it has to be said that the range of possible outcomes is less for short-term investments than for conventional equity and fixed income investments.
Ladi Dairo: Equity Research Analyst.
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The word forex is a short form of the word Foreign Exchange, which is the basis of the commercial transactions which take place between two countries with their own currencies. The forex market refers to the trading that takes place within this area and is different from the stock market. Established since the ’70s, this market deals not just with one business or investment but the entire gamut of trading and selling of currencies.
While both the forex and the stock markets deal with money, the biggest difference between the two is the sheer volume of money transacted on a daily basis as well the span of operations. The forex market deals with nearly 2 trillions of dollars which in comparison to any stock market is much larger. The players in the forex market are also different, where the money transactions are done between governments, international banks and financial institutions of different countries.
The amount of money which is bought, sold or traded in a forex market can quickly be turned into liquid cash, or better still, it is actually made into hard cash. The speed with which such transactions take place in a forex market can be really fast for any investor, irrespective of the country of his origin.
The other difference between a stock and a forex market is that stock markets operate in shares and businesses which belong to a specific country; forex markets on the other hand operate globally and can include any and every country of the world. Its span of operations is far wider. The market encompasses nearly every country of the world and deal with trading their individual currencies which has nothing to do with any specific business or corporation.
While stock markets operate only on business working days and may remain closed on bank holidays and weekends, the forex market has to consider the several time zones across which it operates. Hence the forex market is open 24 hours 7 days a week to accommodate all the countries. While one market opens another closes. Because of the difference in time zones, one country may close its market but another in another part of the world has opened its own. Thus the trading in a forex market happens on a non-stop basis.
The stock market of any country operates with the prevailing currency of that country. For instance, Japan will work with the yen and the US stock market will work with dollars, Indian stock market with Indian Rupees, etc. The forex market, on the other hand, works with many countries and trades in many currencies. These are the major differences between the stock and the forex markets.
It is important to know the basics of this important financial market called the forex or foreign exchange market, if you also want to participate in it with your investments.
Darren Williger is a tea drinking, guitar playing, low-carb eating, spiritually minded winemaking sales maker who writes for ForexFoundations.com, and PennyStockMaven.com
Forex currency trading is carried out all across the world and is the largest financial market in the world. The major players in the forex market are the central banks of the country, major commercial banks such as Citibank and Bank of America etc, multinational corporations. The major portion of the trading is speculative trading while only 5% of the trading is for correcting the currency. The daily volume of the trade is worth US$3.2 trillion.
Though forex currency trading can be done in any foreign exchange, 85% of the trade is done in the major currencies. The major currencies are US Dollar, Australian Dollar, Canadian Dollar, The British Pound, The Euro, Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc. The Us Dollar accounts for nearly 28% of the total forex market.
OTC market which is operational 24 hours a day
It’s an OTC market or an over the counter market where forex currency trading is done in pairs. This means that USD would be sold to buy Japanese Yen or Swiss Francs would be bought and Euros sold consecutively. The forex market has no centralized exchange and is solely conducted through the phone and the electronic medium including the internet.
It’s a 24 hour market and the major centers of trade are Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, London, Frankfurt and New York. Investors will usually react to the changes and the fluctuations in the forex market immediately unlike the stock and the commodity markets. The changes are shown on the screen every second. Deals are done on a second to second basis.
Forex currency trading is always done in pairs and the spread is the profit
The forex trading quotes are also given in pairs and the bid and the ask rates are always mentioned together. In the pair USD/JPY, USD is the base currency. The forex currency trading that happens in non USD pairs is known as cross currency trading. The fundamental and the technical for trading in each currency pair are different.
The quote for USD/JPY will always be given as 110.3456/110.3450. This means that 1USD can be sold for 110.3456 JPY and 110.3450 JPY would be required to purchase 1USD. In forex currency trading the difference between the bid and the ask rates is the spread or the profit that the forex trader will make.
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The Federal Reserve is easily one of the most powerful–and misunderstood–of all American institutions. The Federal Reserve’s steady hand as America’s “central banker” has been especially critical to U.S. economic performance during the past 25 years. Why?
The management of fiscal policy (taxation and spending) during the majority of those years by various Administrations and Congresses was less than admirable. As a result, the enormous and irresponsible buildup of Federal debt remains, for now, our collective lasting legacy.
Today’s Federal Reserve–under the control of Chair Ben Bernanke–enjoys a very high level of credibility as an inflation fighter. In the world of central banks, there is no loftier objective…nor any greater success.
Inflation Control
The Federal Reserve’s number one responsibility is to maintain American price stability. It has been largely successful over the past 15 years in doing so, with consumer prices rising at an average annual rate of 2.7% since 1991. More comprehensive measures of inflation have risen at even lesser rates. In contrast, U.S. consumer prices rose an average of 6.2% annually during the ’70s and ’80s, with a painful bout of double-digit inflation in 1979 and 1980.
Today’s Fed is very concerned that higher energy prices now impacting the economy will contribute to a broad series of price increases for thousands of products and services across the economy. Such a pass-through of energy costs keeps Fed officials awake at night.
Add in volatile commodity and gold prices, the fear of further terrorism in the U.S. and abroad, enormous purchases of U.S. Treasury securities by foreign investors, and a handful of other topics, and one gets a feel for the life of a Fed official. It is not for the faint hearted.
In its efforts to maintain price stability, the Fed many times is called upon to…
1) “take the punch bowl away from the party” (to slow the economy) when it gets a bit too rowdy
2) administer preventive “medicine” to its patient (the U.S. economy) when necessary in order to minimize the chance of a more serious “inflation disease” later, which would require even more drastic action (more painful medicine)
Note: Most changes to monetary policy are enacted by the Fed adding reserves to or withdrawing reserves from the banking system through a process called open market operations. The result of such moves is to increase or decrease the Fed’s most critical interest rate, the federal funds rate. The federal funds rate is the rate at which commercial banks and certain other financial institutions invest excess funds with other commercial banks on an overnight unsecured basis.
The federal funds rate is easily the most important of ALL short-term interest rates. Changes in the federal funds rate immediately impact the level of all other short-term interest rates, including the prime lending rate and various short-term investment rates. The discount rate, the other rate controlled by the Fed, is now almost irrelevant in today’s conduct of monetary policy.
The “Dog” and the “Tail”
While many of the Federal Reserve’s official responsibilities remain unchanged from earlier years, the nature of the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy flexibility has changed markedly during the past 25 years. In my opinion, the Federal Reserve is no longer the primary determinant of when monetary policy changes are necessary–the U.S. bond market is.
Since the Federal Reserve’s creation in 1913 until perhaps the late 1970s, the Federal Reserve solely determined monetary policy. The nation’s bond market–much smaller during those times–then quietly fell in line. During that era, the Federal Reserve was the “dog,” while the bond market was the “tail.” This relationship has now reversed.
Today’s reality is that the Federal Reserve, to a large extent, provides the monetary policy mix that is demanded by a powerful and very inflation-sensitive bond market. The market is now the “dog,” while the Federal Reserve is the “tail.”
Today’s inflation-wary bond market provides the Federal Reserve with less monetary policy flexibility than at any time in its history. Any future Federal Reserve attempt to over-stimulate U.S. economic growth with “easy money” would be met with rising long-term interest rates (to protect lenders/investors from impending higher inflation) and cries of Federal Reserve irresponsibility.
Conducting Monetary Policy
How is proper monetary policy determined by the Federal Reserve? The Fed is clearly concerned about the inflation implications of today’s historically tight labor markets and the wage pressures that could result.
In addition (and figuratively speaking), today’s Federal Reserve conducts monetary policy using an old-style balancing scale with four trays.
In separate trays, the Fed balances:
1) Criticism from the “hawks,” who see inflation under every rock. The hawks are typically critical of the Fed, noting that the institution is not aggressive enough in diffusing inflationary expectations
2) Criticism from the “doves,” who constantly argue that monetary policy is too restrictive. The doves argue that the Fed has usually gone too far in monetary tightening or not eased policy enough, and that the Fed frequently threatens the economy with the “r” word…recession
3) Recent price performance of gold and various other commodities. Price movements in these commodities can serve as inflation red flags, as well as signs of monetary policy that is too restrictive
4) The current shape and slope of the U.S. Treasury yield curve, including the most recent direction of 10-year U.S. Treasury Note and 30-year U.S. Treasury Bond yields. Such information provides a clue as to the bond market’s collective view of inflation expectations
Only when all trays are in “relative balance” does the Fed consider monetary policy to be appropriate.
The Fed must also consider the inflation implications of U.S. dollar strength or weakness relative to other global currencies. The Fed must also consider the conduct of monetary policy by other major central banks including the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, and the Bank of Japan…
…not a task for the faint-hearted
Economic futurist Jeff Thredgold is President of Thredgold Economic Associates, a professional speaking and economic consulting company.
Since 1976 Jeff’s weekly economic and financial newsletter, Tea Leaf, has been helping people make sense of the tangled maze of the U.S. and global economy and financial markets in a light, approachable style. Sign up to receive the free Tea Leaf email newsletter and let Jeff Thredgold show you how to use this information to enhance your financial well-being for years to come.
Jeff is the author of econAmerica: Why the American Economy is Alive and Well…and What That Means to Your Wallet (Wiley, 2007), and On the One Hand…The Economist’s Joke Book.
His career includes 23 years with $96 billion banking giant KeyCorp, where he served as Senior VP and Chief Economist. He now serves as economic consultant to $50 billion Zions Bancorporation, which has banks in 10 states.
